What does Theory X assume about employees?

Theory X is a management theory developed by Douglas McGregor which posits that employees inherently dislike work and will avoid it if they can. This perspective assumes that on the whole, employees are not motivated to work, require strict supervision, and need to be directed to perform their tasks. The underlying belief is that people are primarily motivated by basic needs, like salary and job security, rather than an intrinsic interest in work or the contribution to the organization.

This assumption leads to a more authoritarian management style, where leaders may implement close control and micromanagement to ensure employees fulfill their responsibilities. In contrast, the alternatives focus on positive aspects of employee motivation and engagement. For instance, the idea that employees seek responsibility or are self-directed reflects a more trusting and empowering view of worker capabilities, aligned with Theory Y, which emphasizes creativity and autonomy in the workforce. Therefore, the understanding of Theory X hinges on the belief that people dislike work, necessitating a more hands-on managerial approach.